The+Immigration+Experience+-+From+Europe+to+Canada+and+Multiculturalism+of+Pioneer+Canada+-+Louise

The Immigration Experience:


 * Waves of immigrants arrived in British North America close to the War of 1812 [[image:http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/11/79711-004-7CA7283C.gif width="462" height="236" caption="Map of Upper and Lower Canada" link="@http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/11/79711-004-7CA7283C.gif"]]
 * Most settled in Upper Canada in what is now the London, Toronto, Ottawa area (past the St. Lawrence into the great lakes)
 * Some settled in the Eastern Townships, Lower Canada (St. Lawrence corridor, between Montreal and Quebec City)

FAIL
 * Immigrants were mostly from Great Britain or the United States or even some other European countries
 * Attracted by flashy, colourful ad campaigns
 * Extremely cheap fertile land close to markets and towns
 * Advertising awesome, optimistic futures
 * Although the land was cheap, you obviously need to get there first
 * To get to Canada = expensive and took more than a month by ship
 * Spent all money on trip and buying supplies for a year or two in the colonies
 * Never see friends and family //ever// again (most)
 * Poorest people get to go in... COFFIN SHIPS

//Tenant// //farmer//: a farmer who works the land owned by another.

 * British Isle Immigrants:
 * Poor and displaced tenant farmers
 * To own a farm = attractive
 * Escape class system
 * Most were too poor to be in above deck rooms (first class)
 * Steerage (Over 9000x worse than economy class)

>
 * Cargo ships
 * Usually transport lumber and other products[[image:http://www.victoriana.com/Irish/coffin.JPG width="314" height="220" align="right" caption="Living conditions aboard a coffin ship" link="@http://www.victoriana.com/Irish/coffin.JPG"]]
 * On return voyage= empty so....
 * Owners get more profit if steerage is converted to take passengers
 * Bunks
 * Pots and tubs
 * That’s it! That’s all you have for a month!
 * Extremely squashed quarters + above= diseases

__Multiculturalism of Pioneer Canada__
 * Most accounts/journals of early pioneers = well-to-do British people
 * But - most Upper Canada settlers did not consider themselves British/English
 * Americans
 * //Gaelic// speaking people:
 * Irish
 * Scottish
 * That’s why Pioneer music sounds Celtic
 * Unfortunately, the accounts of the Irish, Scottish and African-American immigrants are less known because they were not recorded

Celtic: the early //__Indo-Europeans__// (see below) of the British Isles
= Let’s learn about cultures! =

See [] for the detailed history and development of the English language Excerpt from [] :

The Celtic Branch
This is now the smallest branch of the Indo-Europeans. The languages originated in Central Europe and once dominated Western Europe (around 400BC). The people migrated across to the British Isles over 2000 years ago. Later, when the Germanic speaking Anglo Saxons arrived, the Celtic speakers were pushed into Wales ( ** Welsh ** ), Ireland ( ** Irish Gaelic ** ) and Scotland ( ** Scottish Gaelic ** ).

One group of Celts moved back to France. Their language became ** Breton ** spoken in the Brittany region of France. Breton is closer to Welsh than to French.

Other Celtic languages have became extinct. These include ** Cornish ** (Cornwall in England - now being revived), ** Gaulish ** (France), ** Cumbrian ** (Cumbria), ** Manx ** (Isle of Man - another language being revived), ** Pictish ** (Scotland) and ** Galatian ** (spoken in Anatolia by the Galatians mentioned in the Christian New Testament).

Welsh has the word order ** Verb-Subject-Object ** in a sentence. Irish has the third oldest literature in Europe (after Greek and Latin).

Check your understanding